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makeEl("blah_blah_blah", 300, "Blah Blah Blah
Yadda");
makeEl("abductor_sd_ab_sd", 300, "Abductor SD (Ab-SD)
Spasms in muscles that open vocal folds and interrupt speech, causing breathy or soundless voice breaks");
makeEl("abductor_sd_ad_sd", 300, "Abductor SD (Ad-SD)
Spasms in muscles that close vocal folds and interrupt speech, causing strained or strangled voice breaks");
makeEl("acid_and_enzymes", 300, "Acid and Enzymes
Within the stomach, these are chemical substances that help break up (digest food). An increased level of acid (measured by low pH) can lead to stomach ulcers, heartburn and esophagitis.");
makeEl("acute", 300, "Acute
The vocal habit of forceful starts to phonation");
makeEl("advanced_laryngeal_cancer", 300, "Advanced Laryngeal Cancer (Carcinoma)
T3 = complete non-movement of one vocal fold; T4=invades thyroid cartilage or structures outside of the voice box");
makeEl("airway_symptoms", 300, "Airway Symptoms
Breathing complaints");
makeEl("anterior_commissure", 300, "Anterior Commissure
A dye used in photodynamic therapy that is activated and results in chemical alteration of said dye converting it to a form that can kill cells which contain the activated dye");
makeEl("aphasia", 300, "Aphasia
A difficulty to verbally express words, although the individual knows what they want to say");
makeEl("aphonia", 300, "Aphonia
Complete voice loss");
makeEl("articulation", 300, "Articulation
The place of junction between two or more bones in the family");
makeEl("artificial_ventilation", 300, "Artificial Ventilation
Machine-assisted breathing");
makeEl("arytenoid_cartilages", 300, "Arytenoid Cartilages
Pair of pyramid-shaped cartilages to which the vocal folds are attached in the back of the voice box; spaced well apart for normal breathing; come together for sound production");
makeEl("arytenoid_fixation", 300, "Arytenoid Fixation
Restricted joint motion of the arytenoid joint that can lead to abnormal-sounding voice and even incomplete closure of the vocal folds, leading to aspiration");
makeEl("arytenoid_joint", 300, "Arytenoid Joint
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("aspiration", 300, "Aspiration
Choking or coughing when swallowing food, drink or even saliva that "goes down the wrong way" (entering the breathing passage)");
makeEl("axial_rotation", 300, "Axial Rotation
An abnormal tilt of the vocal folds during high-pitch sound-making");
makeEl("barium_swallow_esophagram", 300, "Barium Swallow Esophagram
X-ray imaging of the food pipe during swallowing");
makeEl("barretts_esophagus", 300, "Barrett's Esophagus
A specific type of abnormal surface appearance of the esophagus due to replacement of the normal surface cells; often seen as an ulcer and can be premalignant");
makeEl("basal_ganglia", 300, "Basal Ganglia
A part of the brain that is likely involved in spasmodic dysphonia; located deep in the cerebral hemispheres and the upper brain stem");
makeEl("basement_membrane", 300, "Basement Membrane
A layer of extracellular material upon which the surface cells rest");
makeEl("bilateral", 300, "Bilateral
On both sides");
makeEl("biopsy", 300, "Biopsy
A test in which a physician cuts a small piece of the possibly abnormal tissue to examine under a microscope");
makeEl("botulinum-a_toxin", 300, "Botulinum-A Toxin (BoTox)A short-lasting medical formulation that can be injected into the vocal fold to temporarily limit mobility (can be used to treat vocal fold granuloma)");
makeEl("bronchoscopy", 300, "Bronchoscopy
Examination of the airway above the lungs using an instrument (scope) that also allows for biopsy and culture");
makeEl("broyles_ligament", 300, "Broyle's Ligament
The anterior commissure tendon (see anatomy)");
makeEl("capillaries", 300, "Capillaries
Blood vessels that connect larger vessels, and together form a network within the body");
makeEl("ceruloplasmin", 300, "Ceruloplasmin
An important 'player' in the metabolism of copper. It transports and maintains appropriate levels of copper in tissues. In Wilson's Disease, low levels of ceruloplasmin are seen");
makeEl("chronic", 300, "Chronic
Long-term");
makeEl("chronic_cough", 300, "Chronic Cough
A cough that has lasted an abnormally long time");
makeEl("chronic_intermittent", 300, "Chronic Intermittent
Goes away, and then returns again–even several months to years later");
makeEl("compounding_conditions", 300, "Compounding Conditions
A condition that complicate or make an existing abnormality worse");
makeEl("computed_tomography", 300, "Computed Tomography
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("condyloma", 300, "Condyloma
A papilloma; a wart-like growth");
makeEl("coup_deglotte", 300, "Coup Deglotte
Forceful starts to phonation");
makeEl("ct_scan", 300, "CT Scan
Computed Tomography Scan");
makeEl("delayed_esophageal_clearance", 300, "Delayed Esophageal Clearance
When esophageal muscle contraction is weak or uncoordinated, moving the food into the stomach is delayed");
makeEl("delayed_emptying", 300, "Delayed Emptying
An abnormally slow movement of stomach contents into the small intestine (could be a sign of stomach muscle malfunction)");
makeEl("diagnosis", 300, "Diagnosis
The determination of the cause of a disease");
makeEl("diaphragm", 300, "Diaphragm
Muscle separating the chest and abdomen");
makeEl("diplophonia", 300, "Diplophonia
Double voice, sounds like a "gargle voice"");
makeEl("direct_laryngoscopy", 300, "Direct Laryngoscopy
Direct visualization of the larynx by speculum/mirror or laryngoscope");
makeEl("distinguishable_sound", 300, "Distinguishable Sound
Sound converted to voice and words");
makeEl("double-probe_ph_monitor", 300, "Double-Probe pH Monitor
A test that uses a small tube placed through the nose into the food pipe with two sensors that measure acid levels");
makeEl("dysarthria", 300, "Dysarthria
Difficulty forming words–presenting with imprecise consonants, hard-to-understand speech as seen with patients with stroke");
makeEl("dysfluent_speech", 300, "Dysfluent Speech
Abnormal speech pattern of stuttering or stammering");
makeEl("dyspepsia", 300, "Dyspepsia
Heartburn or discomfort after eating");
makeEl("dysphagia", 300, "Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing");
makeEl("dysphonia", 300, "Dysphonia
An impairment of voice");
makeEl("dysphonia_plica_ventricularis", 300, "Dysphonia Plica Ventricularis
A condition in which sound is made using the false vocal folds");
makeEl("dysplasia", 300, "Dysplasia
A disorderly pattern of maturation");
makeEl("dyspnea", 300, "Dyspnea
Difficult breathing");
makeEl("dystonia", 300, "Dystonia
A nervous system problem that causes involuntary movement; dystonia is not a psychological problem; SD is a type of dystonia");
makeEl("early_cancer", 300, "Early Cancer
T1=affects only one site on larynx, no spread, normal vocal fold motion; T2=involves more than one site of larynx, vocal fold function abnormal but still moving");
makeEl("edema", 300, "Edema
Medical term for swelling within the body");
makeEl("effortful_phonation", 300, "Effortful Phonation
Need to work harder than usual to speak, sing, or do voice tasks");
makeEl("electrodes", 300, "Electrodes
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("electrolarynx", 300, "Electrolarynx
A handheld device that enables speech after a laryngectomy by producing an external vibration that mimics the vibration of the vocal folds");
makeEl("electromyographic_abnormalities", 300, "Electromyographic Abnormalities
abnormalities in the electrical signals of the muscles of the larynx");
makeEl("emg_electrode", 300, "EMG Electrode
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("empiric_therapy", 300, "Empiric Therapy
Trial of treatment that often helps determine diagnosis");
makeEl("endoscope", 300, "Endoscope
A specialized tube-scope to view the voice box");
makeEl("endoscopically", 300, "Endoscopically
Visualization of the esophagus and stomach using a camera at the end of a long tube that is inserted in through the mouth and throat");
makeEl("endoscopic-guided_approach", 300, "Endoscopic Guided Approach
surgery performed 'endoscopically'");
makeEl("endotracheal_intubation_trauma", 300, "Endotracheal Intubation Trauma
Irritation from placement of a breathing tube");
makeEl("endotracheal_tubes", 300, "Endotracheal Tubes
Breathing tubes");
makeEl("epithelium", 300, "Epithelium
the layer of surface cells covering the larynx");
makeEl("erosive_esophagitis", 300, "Erosive Esophagitis
Inflammation and irritation along the food pipe that eats away at the surface");
makeEl("erythema", 300, "Erythema
Medical term for abnormal redness");
makeEl("esophageal_strictures", 300, "Esophageal Strictures
Abnormal narrowings along the food pipe");
makeEl("esophagitis", 300, "Esophagitis
Irritation of the esophagus");
makeEl("esophagus", 300, "Esophagus
The 'food pipe', connecting the back of the throat to the stomach");
makeEl("esophagoscopy", 300, "Esophagoscopy
Use of a specialized tube-scope (camera) to view the esophagus");
makeEl("esophagus_food_pipe", 300, "Esophagus (Food Pipe)
Muscular "tube" that connects throat to stomach; actively moves swallowed food/drinks into the stomach");
makeEl("essential_vocal_tremor", 300, "Essential Vocal Tremor
a 'wobbly' or 'shaky' voice characterized by breaks and stops occuring with regularity");
makeEl("excisional_biopsy", 300, "Excisional Biopsy
The removal of part or all of the abnormal tissue for microscopic examiniation");
makeEl("extralaryngeal_speech_techniques", 300, "Extralaryngeal Speech Techniques
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("false-negative", 300, "False-Negative
A test result that is incorrectly negative");
makeEl("flexible_laryngoscopy", 300, "Flexible Laryngoscopy
An examination of the voice box in which a flexible fiberoptic scope is used; this examination allows the physician to view the voice box "in action," i.e. while the patient is producing sound");
makeEl("frequencies", 300, "Frequencies
The speed at which the vocal folds vibrate");
makeEl("frozen_section_analysis", 300, "Frozen Section Analysis
a method of analyzing tissue biopsy specimens that allow for immediate analysis. A pathologist will rapidly freeze a specimen and prepare it for immediate examination under a microscope. This allows for early results, as the normal process takes 24 hours to prepare the specimen.");
makeEl("gastric_dysmotility", 300, "Gastric Dysmotility
Abnormal contraction of stomach muscles");
makeEl("gastro-esophageal_reflux_disease", 300, "Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Backflow of stomach fluids into the esophagus, associated with "heartburn"");
makeEl("general_anesthesia", 300, "General Anesthesia
Anesthesia that puts a patient completely to sleep");
makeEl("gerd", 300, "GERD
Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease, backflow of stomach fluids into the esophagus, associated with "heartburn"");
makeEl("globus_pharyngeus", 300, "Globus Pharyngeus
Feeling of a lump in the throat");
makeEl("glottic", 300, "Glottic
Referring to the early vocal fold area");
makeEl("glottic_tumor", 300, "Glottic Tumor
A tumor (abnormal growth) within the area of the glottis (the vocal folds and the opening)");
makeEl("glottis", 300, "Glottis
The opening between the two vocal folds; the glottis is open during breathing and closed during swallowing and sound production");
makeEl("graft_migration", 300, "Graft Migration
The implant does not stay in the place where the surgeon put it");
makeEl("granulation_tissue", 300, "Granulation Tissue
The tissue that is formed as part of the tissue healing and repair process after injury or surgery; it is so named because of its granular appearance");
makeEl("guaifenesin", 300, "Guaifenesin
An ingredient in medications to induce cough; used as an expectorant");
makeEl("hemoptysis", 300, "Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood");
makeEl("hemorrhage", 300, "Hemorrhage
Bleeding within the body");
makeEl("hiatal_hernia", 300, "Hiatal Hernia
An abnormal junction (or connection) between the stomach and the food pipe (esophagus)");
makeEl("hiatus", 300, "Hiatus
An opening, as in the case of an opening between two muscles");
makeEl("human_papilloma_virus", 300, "Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
The virus that causes recurrent respiratory papillomatosis; HPV also causes genital warts");
makeEl("hypopharynx", 300, "Hypopharynx
Back of throat");
makeEl("hypothyroidism", 300, "Hypothyroidism
Abnormal functioning of the thyroid, releasing too little thyroid hormones");
makeEl("immunotherapeutic_treatment", 300, "Immunotherapeutic Treatment
Treatment designed to boost the immune system");
makeEl("impaired_esophageal_clearance", 300, "Impaired Esophageal Clearance
Abnormal emptying or clearance of esophagus");
makeEl("implant_extrusion", 300, "Implant Extrusion
Implant is "rejected" and pushed outwards");
makeEl("inflammation", 300, "Inflammation
Response to injury that results in swelling, redness, and/or pain");
makeEl("inflammatory_reaction", 300, "Inflammatory Reaction
The injury healing response");
makeEl("inflammatory_tissue", 300, "Inflammatory Tissue
The cells and substances found in the areas where there is response to injury, such as inflammation");
makeEl("inspiratory_stridor", 300, "Inspiratory Stridor
Noisy beathing-in, or noise on inhalation–due to block in voice box");
makeEl("intonation", 300, "Intonation
The rise and fall of pitch in an individual's voice during speech");
makeEl("joint_arthritis", 300, "Joint Arthritis
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("lamina_propria", 300, "Lamina Propria
The non-muscle part of the vocal fold, right underneath the surface lining");
makeEl("laparoscopically", 300, "Laparoscopically
Surgery or visualization performed without cutting open the body. Instead, special 'tools' and cameras are inserted through small holes into the body. Surgical recovery is typically faster than with open surgery.");
makeEl("laryngeal_examination", 300, "Laryngeal Examination
The examination of the voice box");
makeEl("laryngeal_framework_surgery", 300, "Laryngeal Framework Surgery
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("laryngeal_injection_augmentation", 300, "Laryngeal Injection Augmentation
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("laryngeal_re-innervation", 300, "Laryngeal Re-innervation
Re-establishing nerve inputs to the voice box muscles");
makeEl("laryngectomy", 300, "Laryngectomy
Surgery to remove the larynx");
makeEl("laryngitis", 300, "Laryngitis
Inflammation of the voice box (larynx); can result from many causes; specific cause needs to be identified for correct diagnosis and proper treatment plan");
makeEl("laryngologist", 300, "Laryngologist
An ear-nose-throat doctor that specializes in voice care");
makeEl("laryngopharyngeal_reflux", 300, "Larygopharyngeal Reflux or LPR
Backflow of stomach fluids to throat and voice box");
makeEl("laryngoscope", 300, "Laryngoscope
A specialized scope to view the voice box");
makeEl("laryngoscopy", 300, "Laryngoscopy
An examination of the larynx using a telescopic camera (see also rigid and flexible laryngoscopy)");
makeEl("laryngospasm", 300, "Laryngospasm
Sudden inability to breathe due to closing off of the airway");
makeEl("laryngeal_electromyography", 300, "LEMG OR Laryngeal Electromyography
Test that measures electrical signals of nerve inputs to muscles");
makeEl("laryngeal_stroboscopy", 300, "Laryngeal Stroboscopy
A specialized magnified viewing of the voice box using a synchronized flashing light that allows visualization of vocal fold vibration through a tube-scope with a camera at the end");
makeEl("laryngeal_voice_box", 300, "Laryngeal/Voice Box
Composed of vocal folds, muscles, and framework cartilages; key for voice, breathing, airway protection");
makeEl("larynx", 300, "Larynx
Voice box; plays a key role in voice production, breathing, and protection of the airway during swallowing");
makeEl("larynx_preservation", 300, "Larynx Preservation
A term used when a treatment choice for cancer is designed to maximally retain the larngeal structures without compromising the chances of cure");
makeEl("lateralization_thyroplasty", 300, "Lateralization Thyroplasty
Manipulation of the larynx so that the vocal folds lie farther apart");
makeEl("lemg", 300, "LEMG or Laryngeal Electromyography
Test that measures electrical signals of nerve inputs to muscles");
makeEl("low_pitch", 300, "Low Pitch
Voice sounds lower than usual");
makeEl("lower_esophageal_sphincter", 300, "Lower Esophageal Sphincter
The "gate" at where the esophagus connects to the stomach");
makeEl("low_lower_esophageal_sphincter", 300, "Low Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Decreased tone in the lower 'gate' of the esophagus, often allowing backflow of stomach fluids into the esophagus");
makeEl("lymph_nodes", 300, "Lymph Nodes
The connecting and repository sites of the lymphatic system, the system of tissue drainage within the body. It is often the method of cancer spread");
makeEl("malignant", 300, "Malignant
Cancerous; having abnormal cells that cause cancer");
makeEl("medialization_laryngoplasty", 300, "Medialization Laryngoplasty
Surgery that brings the vocal fold together to improve vocal fold vibration during sound production");
makeEl("metastasize", 300, "Metastasize
The spreading of cancer beyond its original location");
makeEl("microlaryngoscopy", 300, "Microlaryngoscopy
Examination of the larynx with a scope with special magnification capability");
makeEl("microsurgical_techniques", 300, "Microsurgical Techniques
Surgical techniques that are performed with a microscope for viewing");
makeEl("mirror_examination", 300, "Mirror Examination
Method of examining the larynx using simple mirrors (not a scope)");
makeEl("motor_nerves", 300, "Edema
Nerves (signal carriers) that carry messages from the brain to muscles in the body enabling movement");
makeEl("motor_signals", 300, "Motor Signals
Nerve signals that trigger muscle movement");
makeEl("mri", 300, "MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging");
makeEl("mucosal", 300, "Mucosal
A lining, such as that which covers the larynx");
makeEl("mucosal_wave", 300, "Mucosal Wave
A wave like motion that occurs along the lining cover of the vocal folds during voice production");
makeEl("multifactorial_etiology", 300, "Multifactorial Etiology
A voice disorder is complicated by multiple causes");
makeEl("multifactorial_voice_disorders", 300, "Multifactorial Voice Disorders
Voice disorders resulting from more than one cause");
makeEl("muscle_tension_dysphonia", 300, "Muscle Tension Dysphonia
Abnormal sounding voice due to loss of normal muscle coordination or innapprpriate muscle contraction");
makeEl("nasopharynx", 300, "Nasopharynx
the space joining the throat and nasal cavity");
makeEl("nerve_transposition", 300, "Nerve Transposition
taking nerve and muscle from another part of the body and grafting the new nerve into the paralyzed vocal fold");
makeEl("neurologist", 300, "Neurologist
A physician who specializes in conditions of the brain");
makeEl("neurological_voice_disorders", 300, "Neurological Voice Disorders
Voice problems caused by abnormal control, coordination or strength of voice box muscles due to an underlying neurological disease such as: stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Lou Gehrig's disease, or ALS.");
makeEl("neurolaryngologist", 300, "Neurolaryngologist
A laryngologist that specializes in the neurologic causes of voice disorders, including non-larynx diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, etc.)");
makeEl("neutralize", 300, "Neutralize
In the case of acids, it means to balance and reduce");
makeEl("nissen_fundoplication", 300, "Nissen Fundoplication
this surgery tightens the lower food pipe sphincter so that it can perform better as a barrier to stomach fluid backflow");
makeEl("odynophagia", 300, "Odynophagia
Pain on swallowing");
makeEl("odynophonia", 300, "Odynophonia
Pain on speaking");
makeEl("otalgia", 300, "Otalgia
Pain originating elsewhere that is felt in the ear");
makeEl("otolaryngologist", 300, "Otolaryngologist
An ear-nose-throat physician specialist");
makeEl("otology", 300, "Otology
The study of disorders of the ear and related structures");
makeEl("pachydermia", 300, "Pachydermia
Thickening of the tissues in between the vocal folds at the back of the larynx");
makeEl("papilloma", 300, "Papilloma
Wart-like growth caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV)");
makeEl("paralysis", 300, "Paralysis
Complete loss or absence of nerve function resulting in complete loss of muscle function");
makeEl("paresis", 300, "Paresis
Partial paralysis; partial loss of nerve function resulting in partial loss of muscle function");
makeEl("partial_laryngectomy", 300, "Partial Laryngectomy
Surgery to remove part of the larynx while attempting to keep voice production");
makeEl("partial_laryngectomies", 300, "Partial Laryngectomies
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("pathologist", 300, "Pathologist
A physician that examines tissues and cells (e.g. from biopsies), often using a microscope, to determine complete diagnosis");
makeEl("pathology_analysis", 300, "Pathology Analysis
Examination of tissues and cells to determine full diagnosis, often done using a microscope");
makeEl("pedunculated", 300, "Pedunculated
The wart-like tumor with a slim stalk");
makeEl("pepsin", 300, "Pepsin
A stomach enzyme");
makeEl("peristalsis", 300, "Peristalsis
Esophageal muscle contractions that move food through");
makeEl("ph_levels", 300, "pH Levels
Acid levels");
makeEl("pharyngo-esophageal_tract", 300, "Pharyngo-Esophageal TractThoat (pharynx) + food pipe (esophagus)");
makeEl("phonation", 300, "Phonation
Making sound to speak");
makeEl("phonosurgery", 300, "Phonosurgery
Surgery to improve or maintain voice");
makeEl("phonotrauma", 300, "Phonotrauma
Trauma to the larynx caused by (sometimes abusive) vocal usage");
makeEl("phonomicrosurgery", 300, "Phonomicrosurgery
Highly specialized surgery to improve voice (phonosurgery) using microsurgical techniques and highly magnified views (microsurgery) in order to provide microscopic detail");
makeEl("photosensitizing_dye", 300, "Photosensitizing Dye
A dye used in photodynamic therapy that, when activated by a specific frequency light, results in chemical alteration converting it to a form that can kill targeted cells");
makeEl("physiatrist", 300, "Physiatrist
A physician specializing in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of conditions using elements such as light, heat, water, electricity, etc.");
makeEl("physiology", 300, "Physiology
The science and study of the function of living beings");
makeEl("pitch", 300, "Pitch
The frequency within sound production (high or low)");
makeEl("polypoid_corditis", 300, "Polypoid Corditis
Another term for Reinke's Edema");
makeEl("positron_emission_tomography", 300, "Positron Emission Tomography
A test that can help assess function by measuring electric charges; more technically, tomography in which a cross-sectional image of some part of the body is obtained by measuring distribution of gamma radiation when positrons and electrons collide");
makeEl("post-cricoid_space", 300, "Post-Cricoid Space
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("post_nasal_drip", 300, "Post-Nasal Drip
Feeling of a drip in the back of the throat");
makeEl("posterior_laryngitis", 300, "Posterior Laryngitis
Inflammation of the back of the voice box");
makeEl("pre-epiglottic_space", 300, "Pre-Epiglottic Space
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("primary_tumor", 300, "Primary Tumor
The first tumor in development; the original site of a spreading cancer");
makeEl("prosody", 300, "Prosody
The variation in stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech");
makeEl("proton-pump_inhibitors", 300, "Proton-Pump Inhibitors
Stomach acid reducers");
makeEl("psychogenic_dysphonia", 300, "Psychogenic Dysphonia
An impairment of voice caused by mental factors");
makeEl("radiofrequency_ablation", 300, "Radiofrequency Ablation
A type of radio wave surgery");
makeEl("radiographic_imaging", 300, "Radiographic Imaging
Tests that allow films (pictures) of the inside of the body (e.g. xray, CT Scan, MRI, etc.)");
makeEl("recording_electrodes", 300, "Recording Electrodes
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("recurrent_respiratory_papillomas", 300, "
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomas (RRP)
Wart-like growths in the airway passages caused by the human papilloma virus; these growths usually form on the vocal folds, causing a voice disorder");
makeEl("recurrent_respiratory_papillomatosis", 300, "
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomas (RRP)
Wart-like growths in the airway passages caused by the human papilloma virus; these growths usually form on the vocal folds, causing a voice disorder");
makeEl("rrp", 300, "
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomas (RRP)
Wart-like growths in the airway passages caused by the human papilloma virus; these growths usually form on the vocal folds, causing a voice disorder");
makeEl("reflux", 300, "Reflux
Backflow of stomach fluids which contain acid and enzymes");
makeEl("refluxers", 300, "Upright Refluxers / Daytime Refluxers
Patients with reflux laryngitis in whom the backflow of stomach fluids occurs in the upright (sitting/standing) postion; often not associated with heartburn");
makeEl("reflux_laryngitis", 300, "Reflux Laryngitis
Voice disorder caused by backflow of stomach fluids to the throat and voice box area; a type of supra-esophageal GERD");
makeEl("reflux_precautions", 300, "Reflux Precautions
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("reinkes_edema", 300, "Reinke's Edema
"Swelling in Reinke's space"; a voice disorder from accumulation of gelatinous substance in Reinke's space");
makeEl("reinkes_space", 300, "Reinke's Space or Superficial Lamina Propria
Vocal fold layer right underneath its surface lining; really not an empty spaceŅa layer in the vocal fold comprised of cells, special fibers and substances (extracellular matrix); has key role in vocal fold vibration");
makeEl("resistance", 300, "Resistance
In this context, loss of drug effect");
makeEl("resonance", 300, "Resonance
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("respiration", 300, "Respiration
The act of breathing");
makeEl("respiratory_papillomatosis", 300, "Respiratory Papillomatosis
A viral infection of the vocal folds that can be a precursor to atypia or cancer (see also RRP chapter)");
makeEl("rigid_laryngoscopy", 300, "Rigid Laryngoscopy
An examination of the voice box in which a rigid telescope is used; this examination provides the clearest magnified detail of the voice box, but the patient is unable to speak or sing during the exam");
makeEl("recurrent_laryngeal_nerve", 300, "RLN or Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Branch of vagus nerve to voice box muscles that open and close vocal folds");
makeEl("scarring", 300, "Scarring
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("selective_laryngeal_abbuctor_denervation-reinnervation", 300, "Selective Laryngeal Abbuctor Denervation-Reinnervation
An operation in which nerves to two non-working muscles that close (adduct) the vocal folds are cut (denervated) and replaced (renervated) with nerves from muscles that are normal");
makeEl("sensory_nerves", 300, "Edema
Nerves that carry signals of sensation to the larynx and other parts of the body (see also motor nerves)");
makeEl("sessile", 300, "Sessile
The wart-like tumor with no stalk");
makeEl("smokers_laryngitis", 300, "Smoker's Laryngitis
Another term for Reinke's Edema; often associated with a history of smoking");
makeEl("spasmodic_dysphonia", 300, "Spasmodic Dysphonia
Voice disorders caused by muscle spasm");
makeEl("speech_disorder", 300, "Speech Disorder
Malfunction of the tongue and/or lip muscles resulting in garbled words or parts or words.");
makeEl("stridor", 300, "Stridor
Noisy breathing-in, usually caused by obstruction or narrowing of the airway");
makeEl("stripping", 300, ""Stripping"
A "radical" surgical procedure that removes ("strips") the top layers of the vocal folds resulting in severe vocal fold scarring and abnormal voice. Due to the resultant damage, this procedure is currently rarely used.");
makeEl("stroboscopy", 300, "Stroboscopy
An examination in which a strobe light is combined with rigid or flexible laryngoscopy, allowing an examination of vocal fold vibration and vocal fold closure");
makeEl("stroke", 300, "Stroke
A condition in the brain caused by too little or too much blood supply, resulting in poor function of the parts of the body controlled by the affected areas of the brain");
makeEl("squamous_cell_carcinoma", 300, "Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Cancer)
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("subglottic_larynx", 300, "Subglottic Larynx
Below the glottis");
makeEl("subglottic_tumor", 300, "Subglottic Tumor
A tumor in the larynx below the glottis");
makeEl("subglottis", 300, "Subglottic Larynx
Below the glottis (area of the vocal folds)");
makeEl("subglottic_stenosis", 300, "Subglottic Stenosis
A narrowing below the vocal folds");
makeEl("superficial_lamina_propria", 300, "Superficial Lamina Propria
Top layer of the laminae propria" that plays a key role in vocal fold vibration; loosely structured; located just underneath the cell lining (epithelium) covering the vocal fold");
makeEl("superior_laryngeal_nerve", 300, "SLN or Superior Laryngeal Nerve
Branch of vagus nerve to cricothyroid muscle involved in control of pitch");
makeEl("supraglottic_larynx", 300, "Supraglottic Larynx
Above the glottis");
makeEl("supraglottic_tumor", 300, "Supraglottic Tumor
A tumor in the larynx above the glottis");
makeEl("supraglottis", 300, "Supraglottic Larynx
Above the glottis (area of the vocal folds)");
makeEl("surgical_excision", 300, "Surgical Excision
Removal through a surgical procedure");
makeEl("surgical_resection", 300, "Surgical Resection
Removal through a surgical procedure");
makeEl("symptoms", 300, "Symptoms
Common complaints of a condition");
makeEl("thyroid_cartilage", 300, "Thyroid Cartilage
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("thyroid_gland", 300, "Thyroid Gland
A major hormone regulator of the body, located in the neck area");
makeEl("thyroarytenoid_muscle", 300, "Thyroarytenoid (TA) Muscle
The muscle within the vocal fold");
makeEl("thyroarytenoid", 300, "Thyroarytenoid (TA) Muscle
The muscle within the vocal fold");
makeEl("timbre", 300, "Timbre
Hoarseness, harsh voice, abnormal voice quality due to abnormal vocal fold vibration");
makeEl("tnm_staging", 300, "TNM Staging
T, tumor type; N, lymph nodes involved; M, spread to other body parts or metastasis");
makeEl("topical_anesthesia", 300, "Topical Anesthesia
A substance applied to the surface to decrease sensation, such as sensation to pain");
makeEl("trachea", 300, "Trachea
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("tracheotomy", 300, "Tracheotomy
Incision of the trachea, done to place a tracheostomy");
makeEl("tracheostomy", 300, "Tracheostomy
A breathing tube placed directly into the windpipe, below the area of the voice box");
makeEl("transcutaneous_approach", 300, "Transcutaneous Approach
Entering through the skin; can refer to drug administered by absorption through the skin or a procedure directly approached through the skin");
makeEl("transoral_laryngoscopy", 300, "Transoral Laryngoscopy
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("unilateral", 300, "Unilateral
On one side");
makeEl("upper_esophageal_sphincter", 300, "Upper Esophageal Sphincter
A muscular 'gate' within the esophagus located below where the throat (pharynx) separates into airway and food-way");
makeEl("upper_respiratory_infection", 300, "Upper Respiratory Infection
An infection of he breathing tract above the lungs (e.g. the common cold and cough)");
makeEl("upstaging", 300, "Upstaging
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("vagus_nerve", 300, "Vagus Nerve
The important nerve that carries signals from the brain to the voice box");
makeEl("ventricularis", 300, "Ventricularis
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("verrucous_carcinoma", 300, "Verrucous Carcinoma
A cancer associated with verrucous vulgaris");
makeEl("verrucous_vulgaris", 300, "Verrucous Vulgaris
A warty, lobulated lesion caused by HPV, can be a precursor to cancer");
makeEl("vibration_cycle", 300, "Vibration Cycle
The rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds allowing air to pass through for sound production; this vibratory pattern can occur 200-400 times per second during sound production");
makeEl("vocal_abuse", 300, "Vocal Abuse
Normal vocal behaviors used in excess, leading to vocal fold injury (e.g., excessive loudness or cough)");
makeEl("vocal_cords", 300, "Vocal Cords
The anatomically less precise term for vocal folds");
makeEl("vocal_fatigue", 300, "Vocal Fatigue
Voice tiring");
makeEl("vocal_fold_atypia", 300, "Vocal Fold Atypia
Non-cancerous but irregular cells in vocal fold epithelium; often leads to cancer; often recurs after removal");
makeEl("vocal_fold_cysts", 300, "Vocal Fold Cysts
A firm mass of material contained within the a sac, usually on only one vocal fold");
makeEl("vocal_fold_early_cancer", 300, "Vocal Fold Early Cancer
Cancer of vocal fold epithelium that is confined to the vocal folds and has not spread");
makeEl("vocal_fold_edema", 300, "Vocal Fold Edema
Swelling of the vocal folds");
makeEl("vocal_fold_epithelium", 300, "Vocal Fold Epithelium
Surface lining of vocal folds composed of squamous cells");
makeEl("vocal_fold_granuloma", 300, "Vocal Fold Granuloma
Pale sometimes red mass on vocal folds resulting from irritation; contains inflammatory cells, new blood vessels; usually found over arytenoid cartilages at the site of contact during vocal fold closure");
makeEl("vocal_fold_immobility", 300, "Vocal Fold Immobility
Absence of vocal fold movement");
makeEl("vocal_fold_lesions", 300, "Vocal Fold Lesions
Specific to this chapter, refers to vocal nodules, vocal polyps, and vocal cysts");
makeEl("vocal_fold_paralysis", 300, "Vocal Fold Paralysis
No movement of the vocal fold");
makeEl("vocal_fold_paresis", 300, "Vocal Fold Paresis
Abnormally limited movement of the vocal fold");
makeEl("vocal_fold_phonomicrosurgery", 300, "Vocal Fold Phonomicrosurgery
Special skilled surgery of the vocal folds using endoscopic tools, miscrolarygeal instruments and technique to enable maximum preservation of the vocal folds structure");
makeEl("vocal_fold_polyp", 300, "Vocal Fold Polyp
A lesion usually seen on only one vocal fold; characteristically red, due to the increased blood vessel supply");
makeEl("vocal_fold_trauma", 300, "Vocal Fold Trauma
Injury to the vocal fold");
makeEl("vocal_folds_vibration_cycle", 300, "Vocal Fold's Vibration Cycle
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("vocal_folds", 300, "Vocal Folds (also called Vocal Cords)
A pair of specialized tissue in the voice box that vibrate for sound production; comprised of ordered layers of epithelium, superficial lamina propria, vocal ligament, and thyroarytenoid muscle");
makeEl("vocal_hyperfunction", 300, "Vocal Hyperfunction
Results from a misuse of vocal fold muscles, causing excessive adductory force (coming together), and can cause nodules, laryngitis and vocal fatigue");
makeEl("vocal_ligament", 300, "Vocal Ligament
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("vocal_misuse", 300, "Vocal Misuse
Abnormal vocal behaviors that cause stress or injury to the vocal folds (e.g., excess tension while speaking)");
makeEl("vocal_overuse", 300, "Vocal Overuse
Normal voice behavior that "takes its toll" with time (e.g., singer after many years of performing)");
makeEl("vocal_range", 300, "Vocal Range
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("vocal_tract", 300, "Vocal Tract
There is no definition on file for this term.");
makeEl("vocal_tract_articulators", 300, "Vocal Tract Articulators
The tongue, lips, and palate that help make voice sound precise and controllable");
makeEl("vocal_tract_resonators", 300, "Vocal Tract Resonators
The throat, mouth and nasal cavities that together modify voiced sound");
makeEl("vocalis_muscle", 300, "Vocalis Muscle
The muscle that comprises the vocal fold body");
makeEl("voice_pathophysiology", 300, "Voice Pathophysiology
The impact and cause of voice disorders on voice function");
makeEl("voice_physiology", 300, "Voice Physiology
The function of voice and voice production");
makeEl("voice_range", 300, "Voice Range
How high/low a voice can reach");
makeEl("voice_surgeon", 300, "Voice Surgeon
Laryngologist specializing in voice");
makeEl("volume", 300, "Volume
Loudness of voice");
makeEl("webbing", 300, "Webbing
The formulation of scar tissue between the vocal folds");
makeEl("wilsons_disease", 300, "Wilson's Disease
A disease caused by abnormal metabolism of copper, causing increased blood levels of copper and copper metabolites");
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